Eiffel Tower as seen from the Champ-de-Mars Location Paris, France Status Completed Built 1887 - 1889 Use of the observation tower Radio broadcasting tower Height Antenna / top 324 m (1.063 feet) Roof 300.65 m (986 ft) Company Architect Gustave Eiffel Engineer Structural Gustave Eiffel
Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel, / tuʀ ɛfɛl /) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure. Table of contents [Hide]
* 1 Introduction
* 2 History
* 3 The tower
* 4 Installation
* 5 Events
* 6 72 name
* 7 The claim of copyright images
* 8 In the general culture
Tower 8.1 o higher iron than the Eiffel Tower
o 2.8 Structure of architecture in France is higher than the Eiffel Tower
* 9 tower type and reproduction
Tower 9.1 o similar (without the full scale)
o 2.9 Reproduction
* 10 Station announcer
o 10.1 FM Radio
2.10 o TV
Other * 11 Structure with the same name
* 12 See also
* 13 Footnote
* 14 READING
* Gallery 15
* 16 External links
[Edit] Introduction
Named after the designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the world famous structure. [1] More than 200 million people visited the tower since its construction in 1889, [2], including 6.7192 million person years 2006, [3] makes the monument cost the most visited in the world. [4] [5] Including the antenna as high as 24 m (79 ft), this structure has a height of 325 meters (1063 feet) since 2000, the same as conventional building multilevel 81. Eiffel Tower in October 2007
When the tower was completed in 1889, it is the tallest structure in the world - a title held until 1930 when the Chrysler Building in New York City (319 m - 1047 feet) completed. [6] The tower is now the fifth-tallest in France and the highest in Paris, with the second highest structure of the Tour Montparnasse (210 m - 689 ft), although it will be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m - 738.36 ft). Eiffel Tower from the neighborhood.
The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure including non-metal components of 10 000 tonnes. Depending on temperature, away from the sun spire can be 18 centimeters (7 inches) due to expansion of iron in the section facing the sun. The tower is also swinging 6-7 cm (2-3 inches) in a windy atmosphere. [3] As a demonstration of the economy of the building, when 7300 tons of metal structure were melted down it would meet the 125 square meters with a depth of 6 cm (2:36 inches), which mean density of 7.8 tonnes of iron per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of air in the cylinder with the same dimensions, [7] as high as 324 meters and 88.3 in radius. 10 100 tonnes of heavy towers compared with 10 265 tons of air.
The first and second levels are accessible by stairs and elevator. A ticket booth at the south tower to sell tickets to the stairs which begin at that location. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs are open to all who rises and falls depending on if they had bought tickets or tickets elevator stairs. Nine stairs to the ticket counter at the bottom, 328 to the first level, 340 to the second level and 18 to the platform elevator at the second level. When out of the elevator on the third level there are 15 stairs up to the observation platform above. Total written down the stairs at the side of the ladder gradually to give the sign up stairs. Most of the stairway up to give a direct view to the bottom or around the tower although beebrapa short staircase closed.
Treatment consists of supplying towers 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to keep it from rusting. To maintain the appearance of the visitors below, three different colors used on the tower, with a dark color under the light and color above. Color paint changed; the tower is painted in brown-gray. [8] In the first level there is an interactive console that let the colors on the next painting. Architect of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre. [9] [Edit] History
Template: Unreferencedsection Eiffel tower under construction in July 1888.
This structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance World Exposition, World's Fair that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Actually planning to build the Eiffel tower in Barcelona, for the Universal Exhibition in 1888, but the responsible parties in Barcelona city hall thought strange and expensive, and does not fit with the city. After the rejection of Plan of Barcelona, Eiffel send the draft to the responsible party for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on May 6. Three hundred workers combine with 18 083 parts iron sink (pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million of nails, in the form of structural by Maurice Koechlin. Risk of accidents is very large, to the modern skyscrapers the tower is unusually open without the middle level unless the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took caution, including the use of mobile tackle, auxiliary rails and screens, only one person who died. Landscape Construction of the Eiffel Tower: the first level
The tower received any criticism from the public when it was built, called it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers filled with letters of criticism from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the publication of the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exhibition of Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture in 1892. "And for twenty years we have seen, extends to the entire city, still lived by people centuries genius, we see the sky like a black silhouette of a column built of sheet iron spikes." [10] The signing of this letter includes Messonier , Gounod, Garnier, Gerome, Bougeureau, and Dumas.
Author of the novel [(Guy de Maupassant]] - who hate the tower - the Tower restaurant for lunch every day. When asked why, he replied that this was the only place in Paris where we can not see the Tower. Today, still regarded as the art of striking buildings.
One of the cliché of Hollywood films showing scenes of Parisian window always shows the tower. In fact, since the restrictions on building height in Paris into seven levels, only a few high-rise buildings that have a clear view of the tower.
Eiffel tower standing licensed for 20 years, which means it must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. City has plans meruntuhkannya (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that easily demolished) but after the tower proved extremely lucky in terms of communications, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. The military uses it to arrange a taxi Paris on the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne, and a monument kemenangan battle. [Edit] The tower Looking up the Eiffel Tower.
When the tower was built many people were shocked with a challenging form. Eiffel was criticized for this design and was forced to try to design something artsy, artsy or not from the side view, with no desire to build. Eiffel and his engineers, known as a bridge builder, to understand the interests of wind power and know that they will build the tallest structure in the world they have to match them with the wind. In the interview reported by the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said: "Now why would I give the main reasons for its design? The tower is wind resistant. All right! I certify that the outer side of tower arch of four, as the mathematical calculation (...) will give a good view of the strength and beauty, and give the impression to anyone who saw the overall sophistication of design. "
-Translated from the French newspaper Le Temps on February 14, 1887 [11]
Form of the previous tower has been declared by a mathematical calculation of wind resistance. Some theoretical calculations have been planned for years, most recently the nonlinear integral equation is different based on balancing the wind pressure from any side of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that time. Exponential shape. Dangerous plot in the arch of the tower, featuring two different exponents, the bottom has a strong defense against the wind. [12] [13] [Edit] Installation Eiffel Tower and the Seine at night
Since the early 20th century, the tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, a collection of wires extending from the tower until the meeting ended at Avenue de Suffren and the Champ de Mars. They are connected by long wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio center was built near the south pillar and still exists today. [Citation needed] On 20 November 1913, Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, sending a signal without Observation Center of the cable with the United States Navy who use an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. Object transmission to measure the difference of longitude between Paris and Washington, DC [14]
The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first level (95 m, 311 feet above sea level), and Jules Verne, an expensive restaurant gastronomis second level, with a special elevator. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. Month January 2007, a chef with a Michelin star Alain Ducasse many brought to the tower to run Jules Verne. [15]
Observation deck on top, with a height of 275 meters, is the highest area of architectural structures in the European Union, which was opened to the public. [Citation needed]
Elevator passengers from the basic level to the first level is operated by the towing cable and run by a big piston-powered water. When climbing the arch, ride the elevator cabin a bit, but with a surprise up every few seconds, to maintain the level of alignment. Development of elevator disclosed and open to the public in a museum in one of the four pillars of the tower. [Edit] Events
Template: Refimprovesect Eiffel Tower lightning strikes June 3, 1902, at 9:20 tonight Eiffel Tower as a billboard for Citroën from 1925 until 1934.
* On 10 September 1889, Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guest book with the following message-
"To Mr.. Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of modern architecture and original than someone who gives great appreciation for all Engineers, including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison. "
* In 1902, the tower was struck by lightning (see photo at right). Peaks as high as 100 m (330 ft) to be rebuilt and the lights illuminating the tower to be replaced. [16]
* Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 observed that the transmit energy emitted at the top and bottom of the tower, find the top more than expected, and began what is now called cosmic rays. [17]
* On February 4, 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 feet from the first deck of Eiffel tower with a homemade parachute.
* In 1925, the painter Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap.
* In 1930, the tower lost his title as world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
* From 1925 until 1934, a billboard for Citroën meet three of the four sides of the tower, making it the tallest billboard in the world at that time.
* Before the Nazi occupation of Paris in 1940, the elevator cable cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler had to climb the stairs to the top. The parts to fix it can not be obtained due to the war. In 1940 Nazi soldiers had to climb up to fly the swastika, but the flag was so large that the wind a few hours later, and was replaced by small. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose below. It is said that Hitler was master of France, not the Eiffel Tower. A French measure of the tower during the German occupation of France to fly the flag. In August 1944, when the Allies approached Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, demolish the tower along with the entire city. Von Choltitz refused the order. The tower elevator working normally a few hours after the Liberation of Paris.
* On January 3, 1956, fire destroyed the spire.
* Year 1957, added a radio antenna on top.
* In the 1980s, an old restaurant and demolished the iron base; purchased and rebuilt in St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, called the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, better known as the Red Room. This restaurant made it back from 11 000 parts across the Atlantic in a cargo container 40 feet (12 m).
* On March 31, 1984, Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches under the tower. [18]
* In the action / adventure 1985 James Bond A View to a Kill, Sir Roger Moore as James Bond chase May Day played by actress Grace Jones at the Eiffel Tower. He berparasut of the structure to escape. Video movie theme song, sung by Duran Duran, also included several scenes the band singing in the tower which collide with scenes from the film. 20 years earlier, a Bond film Thunderball (1985) showed the tower when the Largo, played by Adolfo keen, parked outside Specter's office in Paris.
* On July 14, 1995, Bastille Day, French musician Jean Michel Jarre sintesiser demonstrate Concert For Concern in the tower with the help of UNESCO. This free concert is visited by 1.5 million people, meet the Champ-de-Mars. Concert lighting effects and projection displays in the tower, and a giant fireworks outside. Three years later, he returned to the place the same for other music events, Electronic Night.
* On New Year's Celebration 2000, the Eiffel Tower Millennium Celebration held in Paris. Fireworks are fired from the overall length of the tower in a spectacular appearance. An exhibition in the cafeteria on the first level was also celebrating.
* In 2000, flashing lights and four high-powered beacon mounted on the tower. Since it shows the lights have become daily events every night. Beacon atop the tower makes the tower beacon in the night sky of Paris.
* The tower was receiving guests to 200 million in 2002. [19] [20]
* At 19:20 on July 22, 2003, fire broke out at the top of the tower in preparation for broadcasting space. The entire tower emptied; fires can be controlled setelaqh 40 minutes, and no reported injuries.
* Since 2004, the Eiffel Tower has made the field on the first ice skating during winter.
[Edit] 72 names The main article for this section are: 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel's tower enshrine in seventy-two names of scientists, engineers and other famous people of France. The names were removed in the early 20th century but the original is returned in 1986-1987 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower. [Edit] Claim copyright images
Images of the tower has long been public domain, but the year 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel) install new lighting in the tower. This effect is aimed at making the other night image and appearance of the lighting towers under copyrights. As a result, no longer allowed to disseminate images of the tower at night without permission in some countries. [21] [22]
This controversial provision of the copyright. Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is only intended to maintain the commercial use of images, so as not to be used in ways which we do not approve of." But, also may have the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night is spread [23] also aims to spread the image that does not seek profit and semi-commercial to the tower.
In the latest decision, the Court of Cassation stated that copyright can not be claimed against the image that includes the building when the image includes copyrighted larger area. This may indicate that SNTE can not claim copyright on photographs of Paris that includes the appearance of the tower.
In some jurisdictions, this claim of copyright is not allowed. In the Republic of Ireland copyright law, works "permanently committed in public places or places open to the public" can be freely inserted on the visual reproduction. [24]
